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Miglioramento della qualità del risveglio dopo un’anestesia generale: a che punto siamo?

Bibliografia

 

1. Allison A, Robinson R, Jolliffe C et coll. Evaluation of the use of midazolam as a co-induction agent with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:321-326.

2. Arndt S, Hopster K, Sill V et coll. Comparison between head-tail-rope assisted and unassisted recoveries in healthy horses undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgeries. Vet. Surg. 2020;49:329-338.

3. Ballard S, Shults T, Kownacki AA et coll. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacological responses and behavioral effects of acepromazine in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1982;5:21-31.

4. Barbagallo L, Mirra A, Levionnois OL. Electroencephalographic monitoring of horses undergoing general anesthesia in a clinical setting, in section of veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. University of Bern: Vetsuisse Bern, Switzerland. 2025.

5. Bauquier SH, Kona-Boun JJ. Comparaison des effets de la xylazine et de la romifidine administrées en période périopératoire sur le réveil de chevaux anesthésiés. Can. Vet. J. 2011;52:987-993.

6. Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Larenza MP. Balanced anaesthesia in the Equine. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2007;6(2):104-110.

7. Bienert A, Bartmann CP, von Oppen T et coll. Standing behavior in horses after inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane (Isoflo) and postanesthetic sedation with romifidine (Sedivet) or xylazine (Rompun). Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 2003;110(6):244-248.

8. Bont MP. Standing surgery versus general anaesthesia for resolution of acute abdomen; useful enough to become routine? Equine Vet. Educ. 2021;33:67-69.

9. Brosnan RJ, Steffey EP, Escobar A. Effects of hypercapnic hyperpnea on recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2012;39:335-344.

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12. Campoy L, Martin-Flores M, Araos J et coll. A newly developed recovery-enhancing device improves recovery scores during emergence from general anesthesia in horses: a randomized trial. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2024;85(5):ajvr.24.02.0024.

13. Chesnel MA, Clutton RE. A comparison of two morphine doses on the quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 2013;95:1195-1200.

14. Clark-Price SC, Posner LP, Gleed RD. Recovery of horses from general anesthesia in a darkened or illuminated recovery stall. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2008;35:473-479.

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16. De Miguel Garcia C, Campoy L, Parry S et coll. Questionnaire on the process of recovering horses from general anesthesia and associated personnel injury in equine practice. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2021;48:223-229.

17. De Miguel Garcia C, Campoy L, Parry SA et coll. Retrospective study of the prevalence of factors contributing to successful standing at first attempt in horses recovering from general anesthesia. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2022;49:95-103.

18. Douglas H, Hopster K, Cerullo M et coll. The effects of flumazenil on ventilatory and recovery characteristics in horses following midazolam-ketamine induction and isoflurane anaesthesia. Equine Vet. J. 2021;53:1257-1267.

19. Dr Fritz Endoscopes GmbH. EquiPorter. https://www.equiporter.com

20. Drewnowska O, Turek B, Lisowska B et coll. Preliminary study of the use of root with Sedline® EEG monitoring for assessment of anesthesia depth in 6 horses. Appl. Sci. 2020;10:1050.

21. Driessen B. Recovery from anesthesia In: Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia. Eds. Doherty T, Valverde A et Reed RA, 2nd edition. Wiley Blackwell. 2021:633-652.

22. Driessen B, Zarucco L, Kalir B et coll. Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: a retrospective study and opinion poll. Equine. Vet. J. 2011;43:88-98.

23. Dugdale AH, Obhrai J, Cripps PJ. Twenty years later: a single-centre, repeat retrospective analysis of equine perioperative mortality and investigation of recovery quality. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2016;43:171-178.

24. Dugdale AH, Taylor PM. Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: where are we now? Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2016;43:242-255.

25. Echelmeyer J, Taylor PM, Hopster K et coll. Effect of fentanyl on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses and estimation of anti-nociceptive plasma concentration. Vet. J. 2019;249:82-88.

26. Fürst AE, Keller R, Kummer M et coll. Evaluation of a new full-body animal rescue and transportation sling in horses: 181 horses (1998-2006). J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. 2008;18:619-625.

27. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Johnston M et coll. Data collection for the fourth multicentre Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF4) study: new technology and preliminary results. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(9):2549.

28. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses: a structured summary of the literature. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(6):1777.

29. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Steblaj B, Schauvliege S et coll. Comparison of the influence of two different constant-rate infusions (dexmedetomidine versus morphine) on anaesthetic requirements, cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality in isoflurane anaesthetized horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 2013;95:1186-1194.

30. Hector RC, Rezende ML, Mama KR et coll. Recovery quality following a single post-anaesthetic dose of dexmedetomidine or romifidine in sevoflurane anaesthetised horses. Equine Vet. J. 2020;52:685-691.

31. Henderson ARP, Valverde A, Koenig J et coll. Effects of anesthetic protocol, procedure, and recovery stall and interval on the quality of recovery in repeatedly anesthetized horses. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2025;89:17-25.

32. Hopster K, Muller C, Hopster-Iversen C et coll. Effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine on cardiovascular function during total intravenous anaesthesia with midazolam and ketamine and recovery quality and duration in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2014;41:25-35.

33. Horstmeier C, Gerlach K, Scharner D. Rehabilitation nach Beckenfraktur bei einem Pferd. Pferdeheilkunde. 2020;36(3):220-226.

34. Ishihara A, Madigan JE, Hubert JD et coll. Full body support sling in horses. Part 1: equipment, case selection and application procedure. Equine Vet. Educ. 2006;18:219-222.

35. Jaugstetter H, Jacobi R, Pellmann R. Vergleich der Narkoseprämedikation mit Romifidin und Xylazin in Bezug auf das Aufstehverhalten von Pferden nach Allgemeinanästhesie. Prakt. Tierarzt. 2002;83:786-791.

36. Johnston G, Eastment J, Wood J et coll. The Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF): mortality results of phases 1 and 2. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2002;29:159-170.

37. Karrasch NM, Hubbell JA, Aarnes TK et coll. Comparison of cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal oxygen concentrations. Can. Vet. J. 2015;56:387-392.

38. Kempchen S, Kuhn M, Spadavecchia C et coll. Medetomidine continuous rate intravenous infusion in horses in which surgical anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and intravenous infusions of lidocaine and ketamine. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2012;39:245-255.

39. Kenel L, Keller R, von Salis B et coll. Entwicklung des Großtier-Vertikalbergungssets (GTVBS) - eine Weiterentwicklung des TBTN (Tier-Bergungs- und Transportnetz). Pferdeheilkunde. 2016;32:141-147.

40. Knych HK, Steffey EP, Mama KR et coll. Effects of high plasma fentanyl concentrations on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009;70:1193-1200.

41. Lamuraglia R, Kirkby P, Funcia JP. Cardiopulmonary effects and recovery quality of remifentanil-isoflurane anesthesia in horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:271-276.

42. Laurenza C, Ansart L, Portier K. Risk factors of anesthesia-related mortality and morbidity in one equine hospital: a retrospective study on 1,161 cases undergoing elective or emergency surgeries. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019;6:514.

43. Levionnois OL, Zuehlke N, Kuhn M et coll. Impact of low inspired oxygen fraction on oxygenation in clinical horses under general anesthesia. Pferdeheilkunde. 2016;32:461-468.

44. Liechti J, Pauli H, Jäggin N et coll. Untersuchungen zum assistierten Aufstehen von Pferden während der Aufwachphase nach einer Inhalationsanästhesie. Pferdeheilkunde. 2003;19:271-276.

45. Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: a systematic review (2000-2020) of risk factors and influence of interventions during the recovery period. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:201-218.

46. Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: a systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:219-261.

47. Louro LF, Robson K, Hughes J et coll. Head and tail rope-assisted recovery improves quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:875-884.

48. Love EJ, Lane JG, Murison PJ. Morphine administration in horses anaesthetized for upper respiratory tract surgery. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2006;33:179-188.

49. Lukasik VM, Gleed RD, Scarlett JM et coll. Intranasal phenylephrine reduces post anesthetic upper airway obstruction in horses. Equine Vet. J. 1997;29:236-238.

50. Mama KR, Wagner AE, Steffey EP et coll. Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005;66:1002-1007.

51. Mashour GA, Palanca BJ, Basner M et coll. Recovery of consciousness and cognition after general anesthesia in humans. Elife. 2021;10:e59525.

52. Mason DE, Muir WW, Wade A. Arterial blood gas tensions in the horse during recovery from anesthesia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1987;190:989-994.

53. Matthews NS, Hartsfield SM, Mercer D et coll. Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses: comparison to isoflurane and effect of postmedication with xylazine. Vet. Surg. 1998;27:480-485.

54. Mayerhofer I, Scherzer S, Gabler C et coll. Hypothermia in horses induced by general anaesthesia and limiting measures. Equine Vet. Educ. 2005;17:53-56.

55. Meier M, Kazmir-Lysak K, Kalin I et coll. The influence of hypoxaemia, hypotension and hypercapnia (among other factors) on quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2024;51:135-143.

56. Moreno KL, Scallan EM, Friedeck WO et coll. Transient pelvic limb neuropathy following proximal metatarsal and tarsal magnetic resonance imaging in seven horses. Equine Vet. J. 2020;52:359-363.

57. Murillo C, Weng HY, Weil AB et coll. Perioperative brain function monitoring with electroencephalography in horses anesthetized with multimodal balanced anesthetic protocol subjected to surgeries. Animals (Basel). 2022;12:2851.

58. Navarrete-Calvo R, Morgaz J, Gomez-Villamandos RJ et coll. Comparison of bispectral index and spectral entropy during isoflurane and medetomidine general anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet. J. 2020;52:678-684.

59. Niimura Del Barrio MC, David F, Hughes JML et coll. A retrospective report (2003-2013) of the complications associated with the use of a one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system in horses following general anaesthesia. Ir. Vet. J. 2018;71:6.

60. Palma da Silva DR, Biavaschi Silva G, Desessards de la Côrte F et coll. Anesthetic recovery assisted by rope at three points in horses. Cienc. Rural. 2018;48(11):e20180154.

61. Platt JP, Simon BT, Coleman M et coll. The effects of multiple anaesthetic episodes on equine recovery quality. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:111-116.

62. Puhl M. Swinglifter. https://www.pmhuftechnik.saarland

63. Ray-Miller WM, Hodgson DS, McMurphy RM et coll. Comparison of recoveries from anesthesia of horses placed on a rapidly inflating-deflating air pillow or the floor of a padded stall. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2006;229:711-716.

64. Ringer SK, Kalchofner K, Boller J et coll. A clinical comparison of two anaesthetic protocols using lidocaine or medetomidine in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2007;34:257-268.

65. Rioja E, Cernicchiaro N, Costa MC et coll. Perioperative risk factors for mortality and length of hospitalization in mares with dystocia undergoing general anesthesia: a retrospective study. Can. Vet. J. 2012;53:502-510.

66. Roman Dura B, Dunham O, Grulke S et coll. A retrospective study on pre- and intraoperative predictors on the recovery quality of horses after general anesthesia. Vet. Sci. 2025;12(3):262.

67. Ruegg M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Hartnack S et coll. Comparison of non-assisted versus head and tail rope-assisted recovery after emergency abdominal surgery in horses. Pferdeheilkunde. 2016;32:469-478.

68. Schulte-Bahrenberg S, Hopster K, Kästner SB et coll. Einfluss einer “modifizierten Open-Lung-Concept” Beatmung mit unterschiedlichen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen auf die intra- und postoperative Lungenfunktion des Pferdes während der Allgemeinanästhesie. Pferdeheilkunde. 2011;27:311-315.

69. Senior M. Post-anaesthetic pulmonary oedema in horse: a review. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2005;32:193-200.

70. Senior M. Mitigating the risk of airway obstruction during recovery from anaesthesia: the way is far from clear. Equine Vet. Educ. 2015;27:244-246.

71. Steffey EP, Brosnan RJ, Galuppo LD et coll. Use of propofol-xylazine and the Anderson Sling Suspension System for recovery of horses from desflurane anesthesia. Vet. Surg. 2009;38:927-933.

72. Sullivan EK, Klein LV, Richardson DW et coll. Use of a pool-raft system for recovery of horses from general anesthesia: 393 horses (1984-2000). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002;221:1014-1018.

73. Taylor EL, Galuppo LD, Steffey EP et coll. Use of the Anderson Sling suspension system for recovery of horses from general anesthesia. Vet. Surg. 2005;34:559-564.

74. Taylor PM. Effects of hypercapnia on endocrine and metabolic responses to anaesthesia in ponies. Res. Vet. Sci. 1998;65:41-46.

75. Taylor PM, Luna SP, Sear JW et coll. Total intravenous anaesthesia in ponies using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin: pharmacokinetics, cardiopulmonary and endocrine effects. Res. Vet. Sci. 1995;59:17-23.

76. Tidwell SA, Schneider RK, Ragle CA et coll. Use of a hydro-pool system to recover horses after general anesthesia: 60 cases. Vet. Surg. 2002;31:455-461.

77. Valverde A, Black B, Cribb NC et coll. Assessment of unassisted recovery from repeated general isoflurane anesthesia in horses following post-anesthetic administration of xylazine or acepromazine or a combination of xylazine and ketamine. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2013;40:3-12.

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81. Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ et coll. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during administration of inhaled anesthesia. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016;30:289-303.

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83. Wright BD, Hildebrand SV. An evaluation of apnea or spontaneous ventilation in early recovery following mechanical ventilation in the anesthetized horse. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2001;28:26-33.

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